Language and Literature in Mithila

Language and Literature in Mithila

Language and Literature in Mithila:

Mithila has a rich linguistic and literary heritage deeply connected to its culture and traditions. This aspect of Mithila tradition highlights the Maithili language and its contributions to Indian literature and philosophy.

1. Language: Maithili (मैथिली) :

• Maithili is the primary language of the Mithila region, spoken in parts of Bihar (India) and the Terai region of Nepal.
• It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, recognized under the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
• Maithili has its own script called Tirhuta, which was historically used for writing but has now been largely replaced by Devanagari.

2. Literary Achievements: Mithila has a long tradition of literature, poetry, and philosophical writings, with notable contributions from –

• Vidyapati (विद्यापति) – A legendary poet of the 14th century, known as the Father of Maithili Literature. His devotional and love poems, especially those dedicated to Lord Shiva and Radha-Krishna, deeply influenced later poets.
• His writings blend sanskritized Maithili with folk expressions, making them accessible yet profound.
• Famous Works: Kirtilata, Padavali, Goraksha Vijay, and Vidyapati Geet.
• Gangesh Upadhyaya – A scholar who contributed significantly to Indian logic (Navya-Nyaya).
• Jagannath Mishra & Harinath Mishra – Famous modern Maithili writers.
• Kavi Kokil (Poet Cuckoo) – Title given to Vidyapati for his melodious and rich poetry.
• Folk Literature – Mithila is famous for folk songs, proverbs, and storytelling traditions, often passed down orally through generations. Songs related to weddings, festivals (like Chhath Puja), and childbirth are an integral part of Mithila culture.

3. Mithila’s Contribution to Sanskrit Literature: Mithila has been a center of Sanskrit learning for centuries, producing some of India’s greatest scholars:

• Mandana Mishra (मंडन मिश्र) – A philosopher and contemporary of Adi Shankaracharya, known for his debates on Advaita Vedanta.
• Vachaspati Mishra (वाचस्पति मिश्र) – A great scholar who wrote commentaries on Hindu philosophy.
• Udayanacharya (उदयनाचार्य) – A logician who refined the Nyaya school of thought.

4. Maithili Folk Songs and Oral Tradition: Mithila has a rich oral literary tradition passed down through generations:

• Sohar (सोहर) – Songs sung during childbirth.
• Samdaun (समदाउन) – Sung by women to express emotions.
• Vivaah Geet (विवाह गीत) – Songs sung during weddings, especially Kohbar Geet, which is connected to Madhubani painting traditions.
• Chhath Songs – Devotional songs sung during Chhath Puja, dedicated to Surya Dev.

5. Modern Revival :

Maithili Literature Awards: The Sahitya Akademi Award is given for excellence in Maithili literature.