1. Language and Literature

Maithili is the primary language spoken in Mithila. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is widely spoken in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Nepal. Maithili has an ancient literary tradition, with its script derived from Tirhuta, which is similar to Devanagari.

One of the greatest poets of Maithili literature is Vidyapati (1352–1448), who is often called the father of Maithili poetry. His compositions, primarily devotional and romantic, had a lasting influence on later poets and scholars. Apart from poetry, Maithili literature includes folk tales, songs, and ancient texts written in the Puranic and Vedic periods.

2. Madhubani Painting

Madhubani painting, also known as Mithila painting, originated from the Madhubani district of Bihar and was traditionally created by women as part of religious rituals and celebrations.
Madhubani paintings use vivid colors, intricate geometric patterns, and natural themes like birds, fish, flowers, and mythological scenes. The paintings are created using natural dyes and pigments and have gained global recognition for their unique style and cultural significance. Today, Madhubani paintings are popular worldwide and are used in textiles, home decor, and modern art.

These paintings use natural dyes, intricate geometric patterns, and vivid colors depicting birds, flowers, and mythological scenes.

3. Festivals and Celebrations

Mithila is known for its vibrant festivals, including:

• • Chhath Puja – A major festival dedicated to the Sun God.
  • Sama-Chakeva – A festival dedicated to the bond between brothers and sisters.
  • Jitiya Vrat (Jivitputrika Vrat) – A fasting ritual observed by mothers for their children.
  • Durga Puja & Diwali – Grand celebrations with rituals and feasts.
  • Ram Navami – Special significance as Mithila is believed to be Goddess Sita’s birthplace.

Each festival in Mithila involves unique customs, folk songs, dances, and elaborate rituals that have been passed down through generations.

4. Social and Wedding Traditions

Maithili weddings are rich in traditions like:

• • Panigrahan – Formal acceptance of the bride’s hand.
  • Sindurdaan – Applying sindoor as a marriage symbol.
  • Kohbar Ritual – Decorating the wedding chamber with Madhubani paintings.
  • Paag Ceremony – Men wearing the traditional Paag headgear.

Marriages in Mithila are deeply rooted in cultural values and emphasize family bonding, spirituality, and traditional music and dance performances.

5. Mithila Cuisine

Famous dishes include:

• • Dahi-Chura – Flattened rice with curd and jaggery.
  • Thekua – A crispy, sweet dish made from wheat flour.
  • Dal-Pitha – Lentil-stuffed dumplings.
  • Maachh-Bhaat – Fish and rice, a staple dish.
  • Malpua – Deep-fried sweet pancakes.

Mithila cuisine is known for its nutritious and natural ingredients, often cooked using mustard oil and earthen pots, enhancing the flavors.

6. Education and Philosophical Heritage

Mithila has been a center of learning with scholars like:

• Gangesha Upadhyaya – Founder of the Navya-Nyaya school of thought.
• Udayanacharya – Contributor to Hindu metaphysics.
• Vidyapati – A poet and scholar.

7. Folk Music and Dance

Popular music and dance forms include:

• Vidyapati Songs – Devotional compositions.
• Jhumar and Jhijhiya – Traditional folk dances.
• Sohar Songs – Sung during childbirth celebrations.
• Samdaun and Nirgun Geet – Spiritual and philosophical songs.

8. Traditional Attire

Traditional clothing includes:

• • Women – Sarees with Madhubani prints or silk fabrics.
  • Men – Dhoti, Kurta, and Paag (headgear symbolizing pride).
  • Wedding Attire – Brides wear red Banarasi sarees with gold embroidery.

Music and dance in Mithila are deeply connected with rituals, storytelling, and festivities, making them an essential part of its cultural identity.